Characteristic of Ideals types of Bureaucracy

            Characteristic of Ideals types of Bureaucracy

Weber identifies bureaucracy as the most and efficient form of the organization devised by man. Bureaucracy is rational in that it involves control based on knowledge; it has clearly defined spheres of competence; it operates according to analyzable rules, and has calculability in its operations.

Bureaucracy is efficient because of its precision, speed, consistency, availability of records, continuity, and possibility of secrecy, unity, and rigorous coordination, and minimization of interpersonal friction, personnel costs, and material costs.

Weber analyzed bureaucracy not empirically but as an “ideal type” derived from the most characteristic bureaucratic features of all known organizations. He defined the main characteristic of this ideal type of bureaucracy:

Six points

                             Six points

1.    Federal parliamentary government based on direct adult franchise.

2.    Federal responsibility for defense and foreign affairs.

NATIONALISM

NATIONALISM

Nation: It is derived from the Latin natio signifying birth. Originally it meant a social grouping based on real or imaginary ties of blood. In early modern times there arose a practice to use the term ‘Nation’ to describe the population of a country not necessarily having radical unity.

D.L Strzo  said “ a nation means individuality of a people and this can’t come about without a stable geographical contiguity a historical cultural tradition, an economic interest.

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Introduction ==decision making and branching                            

vC language possesses such decision and branching by supporting likes that statement…

1.  If statement.

2.  Switch statement.

3.  Conditional operator statement.

4.  Go to statement.

Dangling else problem: One of the classic problem encountered when we start using nested if …else statement is the dangling. This happen when a matching else is not available for an if. This answer to this problem is very simple. Always match an else to the most recent unmatched if in the current block. In some case it is possible that the false condition is not required. In such solution else statement may be omitted “Else is always paired with the most recent unpaired if”.

vRules for indentation.

When using control statement often controls may be many other statements that must follow it. Ø Indent statements that are dependent on the previous statement; provide at least three space of indentation. Ø Align vertically else cause with their matching if clause. Ø Indent the statement is the block by at least three spaces to the right of the brace. Ø Align the opening and closing brace. Ø Use appropriate comments to signify the beginning and the end of blocks. Ø Indent the nested statement as per above value. Ø Code only one clause or statement on each line.

vRules for switch statement

·      The switch expression must be an integer type. ·      Case labels must be in constant or constant expression. ·      Case labels must in unique. No two labels can have the same values. ·      Case labels must be end with a semicolon. ·        The break statement transfers the control out of the switch statement. ·       The break statement is optional. That is two or more case labels may belong to the same statement. ·      The default labels are optional. If present it will executed when the expression does not find matching the case. ·       There can be at most one default labels. ·      It is permitted to nest switch statement.

Over all just remember.

Ø Be aware of dangling else statement.

Ø  

my own creation on PS

CONSTANTS VARIABLE AND DATA TYPES

Ø   Do not use the underscore as the first character of identifier       because many of the identifiers in the system library start with the underscore.

Ø  Use only 31 or less than characters for identifiers. This helps ensure portability of programs.

Ø Use meaningful and intelligent variables name.

Ø Do not create variable names that differ only by one or two letters.

Ø Each variable used just before they used.

Ø Integer constants, by default, assume int types.

Ø Don’t use the lowercase 1 for long as it is usually confused with the number 1.

Ø Use single quote for character constants and double quote for string constants.

Ø A character is stored as an integer. It is therefore possible to perform arithmetic operation on character.

Ø Don’t combine declarations with executable statement.

Ø Don’t uses the semicolon at the end of #defines directive.

Ø The character # should be at the first column.

Ø C doesn’t provide any warning or indication of over flow.

A variable define inside a function is local to that function and not available to other function